The National Police Canine Association (NPCA) has actively sought to identify and document court proceedings in which NPCA certifications and training standards have been recognized and accepted as evidence of professional competency.
In 2016, an NPCA-certified canine officer testified in federal court in Los Angeles, California, in a case in which the validity and credibility of NPCA certification were challenged. The defense retained expert witness Andre “Andy” Falco to question whether the NPCA was a nationally recognized organization and whether its certification standards met appropriate professional standards.
During the proceedings, the NPCA provided portions of its governing rules and certification materials documenting its training requirements, certification procedures, and qualifications. The court proceedings included detailed examination of the NPCA's standards and certification practices.
The court ultimately accepted the NPCA certification and training standards. The resulting decision was subsequently upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth District.
The available case materials provide valuable insight into the examination and legal consideration of NPCA certification, including:
These documents are available below in Downloads #1 for review and reference.
US vs Covington
Covington Opinion
United States District Court Eastern District Pennsylvania
US vs. Gerard Smith
Update on Case from
Wendell Nope
United States District Court Western District Of Louisiana Lafayette Division
"Covington Storage Locker Opinion"
NPCA Certs - Comparison to best practices
"United States vs. Gomez"
Expert Witness - Wendell Nope
Colorado Marijuana Odor Opinion:
2016 CO 52
No. 16SA92, People v. Zuniga—Probable Cause to Search—Totality of the Circumstances—Marijuana Odor
Arizona Supreme Court: Marijuana odor is enough to allow searches:
Downloads for the following cases can be found below:
Rodriguez vs. U.S.
Case outcome- US District Court, Ohio
Ohio vs Rhee – Outcome
Case outcome- Supreme Court vs Jardines-Florida vs Jardine
Case outcome- Supreme Court vs Harris
Case outcome vs Steve Nicely as expert witness - Falkenburry
Ruling for case in Arizona (Steve Nicely as expert witness)
Civil Dog Bite Case
Ohio-Civil Dog bite case
Here is a couple of news articles on the current status of the Dogs sniffing houses issue.
Brief on Jardines:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/03/drug-dogs-constitutional_n_1181133.html
Brief on Harris:
http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/11/21/2513496_are-there-limits-to-drug-sniffing.html
Drug-Sniffing Dog Will Get His Day At U.S. Supreme Court
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/06/drug-sniffing-dog-us-supreme-court-franky_n_1189757.html
The Canine Legal Update and Opinions Web Site at http://www.k9fleck.org has been updated for 2011.
In addition to the updates, I welcome any specific questions that you may have and would like to answer these questions in the articles.
Please contact me with any questions by visiting my Canine Legal Update and Opinions web site at www.k9fleck.org or by e-mail, Terry Fleck.
Steve Nicely Update-November 2012
Steve Nicely Document
SWGDOG (Scientific Working Group on Dog and Orthogonal Detector Guidelines) www.swgdog.org
SWGDOG is a forum aimed at addressing the broadly expressed need to improve the performance, reliability, and courtroom defensibility of detector dog teams.
LIT Study
SWGDOG’s response to Lit Study
President Terry Anderson’s response to LIT Study

2021 Covington Storage Locker Opinion (pdf)
DownloadUnited States v. Gomez (pdf)
DownloadRodriguez — Supreme Court Brief (pdf)
DownloadRhee (pdf)
DownloadJardines decision (pdf)
DownloadHarris (pdf)
DownloadFalkenburry (pdf)
DownloadOhio (pdf)
DownloadHarris Justified Amicus Request US Sp Ct1 (pdf)
DownloadJardines Final Sup.Ct (pdf)
DownloadSteve Nicely update by Terry Fleck (pdf)
DownloadNicely Update (pdf)
DownloadLIT (pdf)
DownloadSWGDOG (pdf)
DownloadPresident Terry Anderson (pdf)
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NPCA is heading to Virginia Beach in 2027 for the Police K-9 Training Seminar. 9/14/27 - 9/16/27